vitamins

Vitamins


1 Name --- Vitamin A
Chemical name --- Retinol
Solubility --- Fat
Food source --- Cod liver oil, carrots
Year of discovery --- 1913
Deficiency disease --- Night-blindness and Keratomalacia
Overdose disease --- Hypervitaminosis A


2 Name --- Vitamin B1
Chemical name --- Thiamine
Year of discovery --- 1910
Food source --- Rice bran
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Overdose disease --- Drowsiness or muscle relaxation with large doses.

3 Name --- Vitamin B2
Chemical name --- Riboflavin
Year of discovery --- 1920
Food source --- Meat, eggs
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Ariboflavinosis


4 Name --- Vitamin B3
Chemical name --- Niacin
Year of discovery --- 1936
Food source --- Meat, eggs, grains
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Pellagra
Overdose disease --- Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems

5 Name --- Vitamin B5
Chemical name --- Pantothenic acid
Year of discovery --- 1931
Food source --- Meats, whole grains, in many foods
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Paresthesia
Overdose disease --- Diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn.

6 Name --- Vitamin B6
Chemical name --- Pyridoxine
Year of discovery --- 1934
Food source --- Meat, dairy products.
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Anemia peripheral neuropathy.
Overdose disease --- Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day)

7 Name --- Vitamin B7
Chemical name --- Biotin
Year of discovery --- 1931
Food source --- Meats, dairy products, eggs
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Dermatitis, enteritis

8 Name --- Vitamin B9
Chemical name --- Folic acid
Year of discovery --- 1941
Food source --- Leafy green vegetables
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Deficiency during pregnancy is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube defects
Overdose disease --- May mask symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency; other effects.

9 Name --- Vitamin B12
Chemical name --- Cobalamins
Year of discovery --- 1926
Food source --- Liver, eggs, animal products
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Megaloblastic anemia
Overdose disease --- No known toxicity

10 Name --- Vitamin C
Chemical name --- Ascorbic acid
Year of discovery --- 1920
Food source --- Citrus, most fresh foods
Solubility --- Water
Deficiency disease --- Scurvy
Overdose disease --- Vitamin C megadosage

11 Name --- Vitamin D
Chemical name --- Calciferol
Year of discovery --- 1920
Food source --- Cod liver oil
Solubility --- Fat
Deficiency disease --- Rickets and Osteomalacia
Overdose disease --- Hypervitaminosis D

12 Name --- Vitamin E
Chemical name --- Tocopherol
Year of discovery --- 1922
Food source --- Wheat germ oil, unrefined vegetable oils
Solubility --- Fat
Deficiency disease --- Deficiency is very rare; mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants.
Overdose disease --- Increased congestive heart failure seen in one large randomized study.

13 Name --- Vitamin K
Chemical name --- Phylloquinone/phytol naphthoquinone
Year of discovery --- 1929
Food source --- Leafy green vegetables
Solubility --- Fat
Deficiency disease --- Bleeding diathesis
Overdose disease --- Increases coagulation in patients taking warfarin.

Schengen Agreement

The Schengen Agreement is a treaty signed on 14 June 1985 near the town of Schengen in Luxembourg, between five of the ten member states of the European Economic Community. It was supplemented by the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement 5 years later. Together these treaties created Europe's borderless Schengen Area, which operates very much like a single state for international travel with external border controls for travellers travelling in and out of the area, but with no internal border controls.