Friday, 28 September 2012

botany



Botany




DIATOMS---WHOSE CELLWALL S UNIQUE AND MADE UP OF SILICA IS PLACED IN ALGAE GROUP


CALOTROPIS---------OPPOSITE AND DECUSSATE


E.COLI----FOUND IN HUMAN INTESTINE


DARK REACTION-----AMERICAN MELVIN CALIN

BREATHNG ROOTS----PNEMATOPHORES

URINE EXPELLED----ABT 1.4 LITRES PER DAY

ART OF PAINTINGS REACHED ZENITH-----JAHANGIR


UNIT TRUST OF INDIA----1964
WRITTEN RECORD OF BUSINESS DONE AT A MEETNG-----MINUTES

CHEQUE----NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT

COIMBATORE----STOCK EXCHANGE FUNCTIONS


AMBEDHKAR--CALLED ARTICLE 32 AS FUNDAMENTAL OF THE FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CONSTITUTION


SUPREME COURT WRIT ISSUE----ART-32
HIGH COURT-----ART 226



WHICH DOESN'T INVOLVE PRINCIPLE OF INCLINED PLANE----
MOUNTAIN ROAD, STAIRCASE, SEE SAW, LADDER


REDLIGHT IS USED IN TRAFFIC BECOS IT HAS THE LONGEST WAVELENGTH




NATIONAL EMERGENCY---FIRST PROCLAIMED IN 1962

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE IN NORTH WEST FRONTIER---KHAN ABDUL GHAFFAR KHAN

HYDROGEN SAME ATOMIC NO AND MASS NO



BLUE VITRIOL----CUSO4.5H2O

NARIMANAM-----OIL FEILD KAVERI DELTA
MIXED ECONOMY BY J.NEHRU

GODWIN AUSTEN ---KARAKORAM RANGE


BLACK MONDAY---REOPENING DAY OF EDUCATIONAL CENTERS




RS AND LSABHA HAS EQUAL POWERS IN AMMENMENT

AIR BORNE----TB

WHALE COME TOGETHER IN A GROUP

AN ARTIFICIAL GENE CREATED IN TEST TUBE IIN 1970 BY KHURANA

UREA CONTAINS MAX AMT OF NITROGEN











HONEY BEE REPRODUCTION WITH FERTILIZATION----PARTHENOGENESIS






PSB----PHOSPHATE SOLUBILISING BACTERIA IS USED AS BIO FERTILIZER


MITOCHONDRIA----RESIPIRATION

RIBOSOME---PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
NUCLEUS---HEREDITY
GOLGI BODY---SECRETION


SIMPLE FRUIT----MANGO

FALSE FRUIT---CASHEW NUT

MULTIPLE FRUIT--JACK FRUIT

AGGREGATE FRUIT---CUSTARD APPLE

THE EMBROYONIC STAGE WITH THREE GERM LAYERS IS CALLED BLASTULA






MERICARP IS A PART OF SCHIZOCARP



SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS--------PRODUCING HAPLOID CONDITION

SACCHARIN USED BY DIABETIC PATIENTS
HORMONE INVOLVED IN PHOTOTROPISM----AUXIN
GIBRELLIN
CHLOROPHYLL IS FORMED IN PRESENCE OF MAGNESIUM 



BACTERIA-----PROKARYOTE

FUNGI------EUKARYOTE



ENZYME----PEPSIN, TRYPSIN,LIPASE


SEED BEARING NON FLOWERING PLANTS-----GYMNOSPERMS


WATER SILK----SPIROGYRA









CINCHONA OFFICINALIS----ANTI MALARIAL

HEVEA BRASILIENSIS---RUBBER
JATROPHA CURCAS----BIO FUEL






BRACHYSCLEREIDS ARE CALLED AS STONE CELLS



CAULIFLOWER TERM REFERS TO-----STEM LIKE ( CHECK FLOWER LIKE)
UNDERGROUND STEM-----ZINGIBER OFFICINALE

IPOMOEA BATATAS
MANIHOT UTILISSIMA
DANCUS CAROTA






WILKINS  AND LEVENE-----

JACOB AND MONAD-----
JAMES AND MESELSON---



CHLAMYDOMONAS------IS CALLED GREEN YEAST


IN MUSSENDA, A LARGE LEAF LIKE STRUCTURE IS PRODUCED FROM PETAL

FLEMING COINED THE WORD MITOSIS

31 PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES IN MAN


HYDRA----REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN IS PERMANENT


EUGLENA BELONGS TO PHYLLUM PROTOZOA

SCALES ON MULLET ARE CTENOID

monohybrid

phenotypic ratio---------3:1
genotypic ratio--------1:2:1
test cross ratio-------1:1



beetles and catepillar can be killed by using fungi


a complex interrelations among food chain form food web

tomato---berry

sem----microscope used to see all nature things

dual gland----pancreas



weedicide----fluchloralin,atrazine
bactericide------aureomycin,streptomycin
nematicide------carbofuran,parathion
insecticide-----endosulphar,malathion


SINGLE CELLED FUNGUS------
SINGLE CELLED ALGA---
MULTI CELLED FUNGUS---ACETABULARIA
MULTI CELLED ALGA----








the muscle present in the lower leg betwn ankle and knee is calves

microscope was first used by leeuwen hoek

fluid present betwn eye lens and cornea-----aqueous humour


mitotic diision phases----prophase, metaphase, ana,telo


average of 2% light energy is used for photosynthesis


aestivation
valvate-----annona
twisted or contorted----hibiscus
ascending imbricate------caesalpinia
descending imbricate----crotalaria

type of ecosystem where water flows is called-----lotic

trophic level s

andreas vesalius published the book of de humani corporis fabrica----1543


urine of rats----leptospirosis


cerebral hemisphere consits of 4 types
division of nucleus alone is called----karyokinesis
shape of nephrolepis prothallus-----heart shape

centrosome and lysosome not found in plant cells


in parthenocarpy which  bring about environmental  factors could be produced or induced with fog,frost, low temp, high intensity,.

NEPHROLEPIS IS A TROPICAL FERN, WIDELY FOUND IN HIMALAYAN REGION

ANAPHASE----CHROMOSOMES MOVE TOWARDS OPPOSITE POLES

ALAGAE------THALLOPHYTA PLANT DIVISION

EUGLENA FLAGELLUMCONTAINS BUNDLE OF 11 FIBRILS


BUNCHY TOP OF BANANA---IRAL
CARROT WILD DISEASE---BACTERIAL
RED ROT OF SUGARCANE-----FUNGAL

PLASMA MEMBRANE IS 75 ANGSTROM

APHIDS AND THRIPS INSECT ARE CONTROLLED BY HEAVY RAINS

RANATRA (WATER SCORPION) FLOATING ON WATER

LUNGS AFFECTED BY ASBESTOS


FLOWER IS TRNSFORMATION OF STEM

FIRST CELL OF GAMETOPHYTIC GENERATION OF NEPROLEPIS IS SPORE CELL 


PYRAMID OF TREE ECOSYSTEM------FOOD CHAIN RESULTS IN INVERTED PYRAMID


AMITOSIS-----DIRECT NUCLEAR DIVIDION
MITOSIS------REDUCTION DIVISION
MEIOSIS------INDIRECT NUCLEAR DIVISION

PLACENTATION---

MARGINAL---CROTOLARIA
AXILE--HIBISCUS
PARIETAL---CUCUMBER
BASAL---HELIANTHUS



CITRUS CANKER------XANTHOMONADACEAE

A SUPERIOR MONOCARPELLARY OVARY----DISTINGHUES LEGUME FROM CAROPSIS


ELECTRON MICROSCOPE USES ELECTRONS HAVING WAVELENGTH 0.05 ANGSTROM












INSECTIVOROUS PLANT------- NEPENTHES, DROSERA, 

VANDA, CUSCUTA




PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION------- BASED ON COMMON EVOLUTIONARY DESCENT


DNA STRAND IS ATGA----TACT






5 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION-----WHITTAKER

BEADLE AND TATUM

THEOPHRATUS----
LINNAEOUS---SPECIES PLANTARUM 1753



SOYA BEAN HAS LEGHAEMOGLOBIN
PASTUERIZATION REMOVE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA FROM MILK

CIRCULAR EXTRA GENOMIC DNA-----PLASMID


CHOLERA VACCINE-----KILLED VACCINE


SPECIAL LOCOMOTRY ORGAN PRESENT IN PARAMECIUM, EUGLENA, HYDRA


MODE OF SAPROPHYTE IS BY EUGLENA

AMPHIAN HEART----2 AURICLES AND ONE VENTRICLE



PORIFERANS----OLYNTHUS
COELENTRATA----HYDRA
MOLLUSCA----SNAIL
ECHINODERMS----SEA URCHIN

LUNG---30 CRORE ALVEOLI

EARTHWORM,TAPEWORM,HYDRA------BISEXUAL(HERMAPHRODITES)

MUSHROOM----PILEUS,GILLS,ANNULUS,STIPE-------(TOP TO BOTTOM)

ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM-----CAROLUYS LINNAEOUS
NATURAL SYSTEM---BENTHAM AND HOOKER
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEM-----ENGLER AND KARL PRANTL
MODERN SYSTEM----ARTHUR CRONQUIST


FUNGUS CERCOSPORA-----CAUSING TIKKA DISEASE OF MANILA HEMP(MUSA TEXTILES)


THICKNESS OF SILK MEASURED IN DENIER

PERCENTAGE OF PROTEIN IN FOWL (HEN) EGG---13%



SOIL---TETANUS
WATER BORNE---TYPHOID
AIR BORNE--MEASELES
VECTOR BORNE---MALARIA




MANGROOVE VEGETATION ALSO CALLED AS HALOPHYTES



1ST VACCINE FOR KID---OPV,BCG,HEPATITIS

ETHYL ALCHOL----BOILING PT----78 DEGREE C
ACETIC ACID-------118 DEGR
MERCURY------357 DEG C
SULPHURIC ACID----337 DEG C



PARAPHYSES------STERILE CELLS
MURRAH HIGH MILK YEILDING BUFFALO



ANEROID BAROMETER

FORTIN'S BARO METER--------STANDARD BAOMETER USED FOR MEASUREMENT OF ATMOS PRESSURE

TORICELLI BAROMETER---

HARE'S APPARATUS


FUNGICIDE----SULPHUR

CONSTELLATION--- GROUP OF STARS FORM A FAMILIAR PATTERN

HYDROGEN BOMB------NUCLEAR FUSION

BRASS----CU AND ZN

GERMAN SILVER---

MASS OF NEUTRON---1.00867AMU

DIAMOND----DENSITY IS 2.3 G/CM3


VANDERWALLS FORCE----BINDING FORCE BETWN LAYERS IN GRAPHITE

METTALIC OXIDES ARE GENERALLY BASIC IN NATURE
NON METALIC IS ACIDIC

NEWTON'S THIRD LAW--- FORCES ALWAYS EXIST IN PAIRS



SOFT METAL THAT CAN BE CUT WITH KNIFE-------













CHYLOROPHTA----GREEN
CYANOPHYTA----BLUE GREEN
PHAEOPHYTA---BROWN
RHODOPHYTA----RED





trichoderma virens acts as biological control organism against glycotoxin producing soil pathogens.


algae----diatoms whose cell wall made of silica are placed in this group


chlorophyll------absorbs blue and red wavelength of sun light



ALGA USED  FOR HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION IS BOTRYOCOCCUS


THE PLANT GROUP WHICH YIELDS TAXOL BELONGS TO GYMNOSPERM



genotypic ratio of monohybrid cross------1:2:1



term partheno carpy first introduced by---------noll
potato is modified stem

for seed germination the most essential is water

AGAR AGAR----IS TAKEN FROM ALGAE GELLIDIUM

OPPPOSITE DECUSSATE PHYLLOTAXY SEEN IN CALOTROPIS

LARGEST HERBARIUM------ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDEN,KEW


PHLOEM FIBRES ARE CALLED AS BAST FIBERS

GROWTH HORMONE PRESENT IN COCONUT WATER IS CYTOKININ

RHIZOBIUM BACTERIA HELPS IN INCREASING SOIL FERTILITY

BAJRA----ERGOT
WHEAT---RUST
GROUNDNUT---TIKKA
BANANA----WILT


GUTTATION TAKES PLACE THROUGH A SPECIALISED STRUCTURE CALLED HYDOTHODES

INDUSTRIAL ENZYME----AMYLASE IS PRODUCED BY BACILUS SUBTILIS

INCRESEAD ACCUMULATION OF K+ INDUCES THE STOMATA TO OPEN

ICBN IS RELATED TO TAXONOMY

OXYGEN IN RESIPIRATION IS USED IN ELECTRON TRANSPORT

FRUIT OF CITRUS IS HESPERIDIUM

WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT---1972
PHYLLOCADE IS SEEN IN OPUNTIA




STINGING CELLS  SEEN IN SEA ANIMONE



ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS BRYOPHYLLUM

BUTTRESS-----SILK COTTON

FOLIAR---POGOSTEMON
CLIMBING---POTHOS



NEPENTHES--PITCHER [PLANT

DROSERA---SUNDEW PLANT
URTICULARIA---BLADDER WORT


COCKROACH BODY COVERED BY CHITIN

PLANTS THAT GROW IN SHALLOW REGIONS WHERE ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF LIGHT IS PRESENT IS CALLED BENTHOS

RHINOCEROS HORN MADE OF HAIR

CAVE DWELLING ANIMALS---PROTEUS

BLOOD COAGULATION------FIBRINOGEN,CALCIUM,THROMBIN















CRICKET STEM------MADE FROM MULBERRY WOOD

THE PEDICEL OF ALL FLOWERS ARE EQUAL IN INFLORESCENCE IS CALLED AS UMBEL


INDIAN RUBBER TREE BELONGS TO EUPHORBIACEAE

THE CORNERS OF CELLS OF COLLENCHYMA TISSUE IN PLANTS ARE THICKENED DUE TO DEPOSITION OF CELLULOSE AND PECTIN


TURPENTINE OIL IS OBTAINED FROM WHICH PART OF PINUS-----STEM


ACID RAIN IS CAUSED BY OXIDES OF S AND N

NISSL GRANULES----ARE PROTEIN


KINETOCHORE-----IS PART OF CHROMOSOME AT CENTROMERE

IN GYMNOSPERM THE PLANT RESEMBLES ANGIOSPERM IS PINUS

WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLLOWING IS NOT A MIXED CROP----BARLEY AND SUNFLOWER- ALL OTHERS ARE MIXED-----WHEATAND MUSTARD, GROUNDNUT AND SUNFLOWER,COTTON AND PEA


JUMPING GENE REFFERED TO TRANSPOSON

GROUP OF PLANTS USED AS AIR POLLUTION INDICATOR IS LICHENS


USE AND DISUSE PARTS WAS EXPLAINED BY LAMARCK

COLCHICINE----PREVNTS SPINDLE FIBER FORMATION IN CELL DIVISION

ELAIOSOMES STORE FATS

GIBBERELLA FUJIKUROI CAUSES A DISEASE CALLED BAKANAE DISEASE

ENERGY RELEASED DURING ONE MOLECULE GLUCOSE OXIDATION IS 2900KJ


GANONG'S POTOMETER----MEASURES RATE OF TRANSPIRATION

PLASMOLYSIS OCCURS WHEN PLANT CELL IS PLACED IN HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONN

BORON IS ESSENTIAL FOR MOVEMENT OF FOOD IN PLANTS, MOVEMENT OF CALCIUM IN PLANTS,RESPIRATION AND CELL DIVISION

CHLORELLA USED AS FOOD IN SPACE(ALGAE)
CISTRON MAINTAINS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

GENETIC ENGG FIRST STARTED IN 1970

SUCROSE EXTRACTED FROM----BEET AND SUGARCANE

TRANSCRIPTION IS SYNTHESIS OF RNA FROM DNA

ROPES USED IN INDUSTRIES ARE EXTRACTED FROM MESOCARP
WHICH IS A VECTOR---PLASMID,VIRUS,COSMID, EXCEPT SCP

KREB'S CYCLE TAKES PLACE IN MITOCHONDRIA

ANNONA squamisa IS BOTANICAL NAME FOR CUSTARD APPLE

PLANT BODY OF BRYOPHYTE IS GAMETOPHYTE

FLAME OF FOREST-----BUTEA FRONDOSA


TYLOSES BLOCKS CONDUCTION OF WATER IN XYLEM

ZYMOPHAGES INFECT YEAST


FIRST MAN WHO USED HYBRIDIZATION TECHNIQUE IS KOLREUTER

TI-PLASMIDS ARE PRESENT IN AGROBACTERIUM

EQUISETUM PTERIDOPHYTE IS CALLED HORSE TAIL

PRESENCE OF CASPARIAN STRIP IS CHARACTERISTIC OF ENDODERMIS


RICE---CUTTACK
TOBACCO---RAJAMUNDRI
SUGAR----COIMBATORE
COTTON---MUMBAI


COMMON GOOSE BERRY IS USED IN TREATNG SCURVY

BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION----INCREASE IN CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS ALONG THE FOOD CHAIN 

NO. OF CHROMOSOMES IN RICE PLANT IS 24


WHITTAKER---5 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION


CHLAMYDOMONAS    (ALGAE)---- USED IN PURIFICATION OF WATER
AMPHIBIANS OF PLANT KINGDOM IS BRYOPHYTES
AFLATOXIN IS PRODUCED BY ASPERGILLUS
CROSIING OVER DURING MEIOSIS OCCURS DURING PACHYTENE
FRUIT---OVARY
SEED--OVULE
WOOD---STEM
STARCH---LEAF


THE GROWTH OF RICE PLANT IS BETTER WHEN IT IS CULTIVATED ALONG WITH BLUE GREEN ALGAE
BECOS
BLUE GREEN ALGAE INCREASE THE SOIL FERTILITY THROUGH NITROGEN FIXATION


HERBICIDES CAN DESTROY WEEDS WITHOUT HARMING USEFUL PLANTS, BECOS
HERBICIDES ARE ABSORBED AT DIFFERENT RATES BY WEEDS AND CROP PLANTS


























botany


A Parliamentary Panel asked the government to put a halt on all field trials and
demanded bar on Genetically Modified (GM) food crops.
The committee sought probe into how permission was given to
commercialize Bt. Brinjal seed when all evaluation tests were not
carried out.
The Panel criticized the government for not discussing the
matter in Parliament
The Panel asserted that the Environment Ministry has not been able to
perform its responsibility well and has overlooked the interests of the 70 %
small and marginal farmers.
It criticized the composition and regulatory role of the Genetic Engineering
Approval (Appraisal) Committee and the Review Committee on Genetic
Manipulation (RCGM).
It suggested the government to put in place all regulatory, monitoring,
oversight and surveillance systems considering conflict of interest of various
stakeholders.
It drew attention towards ethical issues attached to the transgenics in
agricultural crops, as well as studies of a long-term environmental and
chronic toxicology impact.
As per the panel, the GM crops didn’t provide any significant socio-economic
benefits to farmers. Instead, farmers have incurred huge debts because of
this capital-intensive practice.
It demanded explanation from the government on how the cotton seed oil
extracted from Bt. cotton had gotten into the food chain and what could be the
impact on medicinal plants.
It questioned how the proposed Biotechnology Regulatory Authority could
be a promoter of GM crops as well as a regulator.







VANDA


LIMNOPHYTE---
XEROPHYTE—DESERT PLANT
MESOPHYTE—
LITHOPHYTE—

PARASITIC PLANT—CUSCUTTA
LEAF TENDRILS---
UTRICULARIA—BLADDERWORT
DROSERA---
NEPHENTHES--- PITHCHER PLANT
SUN DEW PLANT

GEITONOGAMY—THE POLLEN GRAINS FROM ONE ANTHER OF ONE FLOWER TRANSFERRED TO STIGMA OF OTHER FLOWER ON SAME PLANT
AUTOGAMY
CLEISTOGAMY
HOMOGAMY



MARINE ALGAE COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATED FOR PRODUCTION OF AGAR IS—GRACILLARIA

GENETICA
MENELS DIHYBRID RATIO


ROBERT HOOKE OBSERVED THE CELL WALL
ANABENA----CYNOBACTERIA


CHARGAFF’S LAW----A+G=C+T

Natural system of classification is based on morphology and evolution
-----------------------  is based on reproduction
-----------------------is based on physiology
-----------------------is based on morphology
LEPTOTENE,ZYGOTENE,PACHYTENE,DIPLOTENE,DIAKINESIS

PASTEURIZATION OF MILK---71.7DEGREE  FOR 15 SECS
SPOILAGE OF MILK---ENTEROBACTER
SOYABEAN DERIVED FROM GLYCINE MAX
TYPES OF RIBOSOMES IN EUKARYOTES—80S
LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIAL PARASITE EXPLAINED BY--- RONALD ROSS
Azospirillum used as a bio fertilizer
Yeast---- BAKERS YEAST--- SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Pseudomonas
e.coli
CLOVE— SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM
TURMERIC—CURCUMA DOMESTICA
MUSTARD—BRASSICA HIRTA
POTATO—SOLANUM TUBEROSUM



AQUATIC FERN USED AS BIO FERTILIZER---AZOLLA PINNATA
Vacuoles surrounded by a single membrane called tonoplast.
Cytosol
Aster
Vesicles


Vanda
Rhizobium—FIXES ATMOS NITROGEN IN LEGUMINOUS PLANTS
Mycorrhizae--- FUNGI LIVING IN ROOTS OF HIGHER PLANTS
Sea anemone- mutualism



Clove- syzygium armoticum
Safflower-carthomus tinctorius

Turmeric-curcuma domestica
Mustard-brassica hirta

Euthenics: The science of improving the well-being of our customers through the convergence of technology, thereby forming a turn-key solution.
The system of separation of disabled persons from race mixing- positive eugenics( encouraging reproduction among the genetically advantaged).
Negative eugenics is aimed at lowering fertility among the genetically disadvantaged
Term biosystematics was coined by—camp and gily
Term genetics coined by bateson
TERM VERMITECH COINED BY SULTAN ISMAIL
johannsen
mendel
j.ray
bentham and hooker
gaspared bauhin
third kingdom protista proposed by Ernst Haeckel(1866)
carolus Linnaeus
r.h.whittaker--- FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
BERRY—TOMATO
POME—APPLE
DRUPE--MANGO
PEPO--CUCUMBER


CAPSULE--COTTON
ACHENE--CLEMATICS
CARYOPSIS---PADDY
CYPSELA--TRIDAX
Watson and crick


MODIFICATION OF STEM—


LADY’S FINGER---ABELBOSCUS ESCULENTUS
CUSTARD APPLE—
MADAR PLANT—CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA
APPLE--- PYRUS MALUS


SINGLE CELL FUNGI--CANDIDA
SINGLE CELL ALGAE---CHLAMYDOMONAS
MULTI CELL FUNGI---AGARICUS
MULTI CELL ALGAE—GELLIDUM



Agar agar- is taken from algae gellidium
Spirogyra
Char
Nostoc
Red rot of Sugarcane-colletotrichum fulcatum
Cercospera personata-
Albugo candida-
Cercospera personata

Bacteria
CELL WALL----PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Purple non sulphur bacteria- rhodospirilum
KITCHEN OF THE CELL--- CHOLOPLAST

PARTERNISHIP OF FUNGUS AND ALGAE---LICHENS

Glycolysis
Occurs in cytoplasm.
The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP pathway)




ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION------- LACTIC ACID IS THE END PRODUCT OF THIS RESPIRATION

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