HUMAN BODY

Scientist Decoded a Gene that Gives Humans an Edge over Apes

Researchers of University of Edinburgh discovered a new gene known as miR-941, which explains the evolution of humans from the chimpanzees. The gene is found only in human beings. It appeared in humans after they evolved from apes. This gene played a very important role in the development of a human brain. The gene could be used for knowing how humans learnt the usage of languages as well as tools.

University of Edinburgh researchers compared this gene to 11 more mammals’ species which included gorillas, chimpanzees, rats as well as mice. The research will help us know the answer to most commonly asked question- what is it that differentiates humans from others.

Previous studies which differentiated humans and apes established the fact that evolutionary genetic benefits enable humans to live much longer than the apes, while also making them susceptible to ailments such as heart disease, dementia as well as cancer.

miR-941 is the first of its kind gene and scientists believe that the gene has certain specific purpose in human body.

Scientist Developed a Device that allow Heartbeat to Power Pacemaker

Scientists had developed a new device that uses energy from a beating heart to power a pace-maker, which can eradicate the need for surgeries to replace the depleted batteries.

The experimental device converts energy from a beating heart to provide enough electricity to make a pacemaker running.

After conducting test it was suggested that the device could produce 10 times the amount of energy needed.

The researchers at the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor tested an energy-harvesting device that uses piezoelectricity –electrical charge generated from motion. The approach is a challenging technological solution for pacemakers, because they require only small amounts of power to operate.

Pacemakers device is replaced every five to seven years when their batteries run out which is quite costly and inconvenient.

With the invention of such new technology many patient are spared with many operation which are conducted in order to transplant new batteries.

Scientist decoded the Reason for Albert Einstein Being a Genius

A study led by Scientist and Evolutionary  Anthropologist, Dean Falk of Florida State University revealed in the Month of October that the Physicist Albert Einstein's brain had an "extraordinary" prefrontal cortex - unlike those of most people which may have contributed to his remarkable genius.

It was on Einstein's death in 1955 that his brain was removed and photographed from multiple angles with the permission of his family and was sectioned into 240 blocks from which histological slides were prepared.

The researchers came to conclusion after studying 14 newly discovered photographs of Einstein's brain, which was preserved for study after his death. The research concludes that the brain was indeed highly unusual in many ways as it was compared to 85 "normal" human brains and, in light of current functional imaging studies, interpreted its unusual features.

It was found that the overall size and asymmetrical shape of Einstein's brain were normal but the prefrontal, somatosensory, primary motor, parietal, temporal and occipital cortices were extraordinary.

The study was published in the journal Brain and it also published the "roadmap" to Einstein's brain prepared in 1955 by Dr Thomas Harvey to illustrate the locations within his previously whole brain of 240 dissected blocks of tissue, which provides a key to locating the origins within the brain of the newly emerged histological slides.

New Genes found that explain Vulnerability of Women against Arthritis

Scientists at Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit found out in second week of November, 2012 about 14 new genes which cause rheumatoid arthritis. This adds to the already identified 32 genes which cause the disease. The discovery will help the scientists explore new treatments for this condition. Also, this discovery will help the scientists know why women are more susceptible to the disease than men. 

According to the scientists, these genetic findings will help in dividing the patients to smaller groups with similar rheumatoid arthritis. This will further help in disease management as well as allocation of the therapies. The scientists will consider how even the minor genetic changes can alter normal biological process to cause the disease. 

A study conducted by the scientists identified the genes which were specific to theX-chromosome of the females and this explains why women are 3 times more vulnerable to arthritis than men. The study will have a huge impact on developing the clinical treatments for the condition. The scientists have already found three genes which can be targeted for drugs and this leaves 43 more genes with drug development potential. 

This was the first time when genetic association was established between X chromosome, which is found in the females and arthritis. 

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

RA or rheumatoid arthritis is the systematic and chronic inflammatory health condition which affects various organs as well as tissues, but mainly it attacks the flexible joints. Around 1% of population of the world is suffering from RA and women are 3 times more susceptible to the condition than men. Mostly the onset of this condition is between 40-50 years. Nevertheless people can be affected by RA at any age. 

Arthritis is caused because of environmental and lifestyle factors like pregnancy, smoking as well as infections but the genetic makeup of a person is also said to influence a person’s vulnerability to the disease.

Bionetwork of Bacteria Live in Belly Button

US researchers from North Carolina State University in the second week of November found that the navel, also known as belly button can harbour the bionetwork of bacteria which is quite similar in biodiversity to the rainforests of the world. 2368 such species of the bacteria were found out of which 1458 are absolutely new for science. 

Among the 60 individuals who were studied, merely eight of the species were frequent in around 70 percent people. These eight species are called oligarchs. Nevertheless what remains doubtful is what factors determine about the kind of species found in the people. Researchers have looked at various factors such as ethnicity, age and sex and none of these can predict as to which species of bacteria will live in a person. 

The project was launched by the researchers in part in order to investigate claims made over recent years about collection of the organisms on human skin which makes the first line of protection against the pathogens. Researchers are aware of the fact that the immune system will not function properly in the absence of these microorganisms.










A PROTEIN THAT CATALYSES A BIOLOGICAL REACTION IS ----ENZYME


COCHLEA---COILED BONE



HARDEST PART IN HUMAN------ENAMEL
TILL MAN IS ALIVE THE HAIR AND NAIL WILL GROW
BIGGEST ORGAN IN HUMAN IS SKIN
BIGGEST INTERNAL ORGAN IS LIVER
NO BLOOD SUPPLY TO CORNEA
THE TEMP BALANCE MAINTAINED BY VESTIBULAR COCHLEA

WATER IS CHILDREN----65% AND ADULTS---75%
OXYGEN IS THE CHEMICAL FOUND IN MAXIMUM IN HUMANS
CALCIUM IS TH MINERAL FOUND IN MAXIMUM IN HUMAN BODY
LONGEST MUSCLE IN HUMAN----sartorius



active transport-------KIDNEY PASSAGE OF WASTE PRODUCTS IN RENAL TUBULES



BONES------


TOTAL NO---206
BIGGEST---FEMUR(THIGH)
SMALLEST---STAPES
FACIAL BONES----14
RIBS---12 PAIRS

BACKBONE---33
HARDEST BONE---MANDIBLE
UPPER LIMB---HUMERUS
LOWER LIMB---RADIUS AND ULNA
HAND BONES----CARPALS
LEG BONES---TARSALS
PALM---META CARPALS
FOOT----META TARSALS
FINGERS IN LEG AND HANDS------PHALANGES



FLUIDS---

BRAIN---CSF
JOINTS---SINOVIAL FLUID
EYES---AQUES HUMOUR AND VITEROUS HUMOUR
EARS----ENDOLYMP,PERILYMP
HEART----PERICARDIUM
LUNGS---PLUERAL
STOMACH---PERITONIAL



























brain

CORPUS CALOSSUM JOINS TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES


stomach----- renin enzyme secreted here


BILE DOES NT SECRETE ENZYMES----- ONLY SALTS TO ACTIVATE THE LIPASE