gen know: geography

Name	Origin From	Fall into	Length (km)
Ganges	Combined Sources	Bay of Bengal	2525
Satluj	Mansarovar Rakas Lakes	Chenab	1050
Indus	Near Mansarovar Lake	Arabian Sea	2880
Ravi	Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass	Chenab	720
Beas	Near Rohtang Pass	Satluj	470
Jhelum	Verinag in Kashmir	Chenab	725
Yamuna	Yamunotri	Ganga	1375
Chambal	M.P.	Yamuna	1050
Ghagra	Matsatung Glacier	Ganga	1080
Kosi	Near Gosain Dham Park	Ganga	730
Betwa	Vindhyanchal	Yamuna	480
Son	Amarkantak	Ganga	780
Brahmaputra	Near Mansarovar Lake	Bay of Bengal	2900
Narmada	Amarkantak	Gulf of Khambat	1057
Tapti	Betul Distt. Of MP	Gulf of Khambat	724
Mahanadi	Raipur Distt. In Chattisgarh	Bay of Bengal	858
Luni	Aravallis	Rann of kuchchh	450
Ghaggar	Himalayas	Near Fatehabad	494
Sabarmati	Aravallis	Gulf of Khambat	416
Krishna	Western ghats	Bay of Bengal	1327
Godavari	Nasik distt. In Maharashtra	Bay of Bengal	1465
Cauvery	Brahmagir Range of Western Ghats	Bay of Bengal	805
Tungabhadra	Western Ghats	Krishna River	640

Town	River
Allahabad	At the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna
Patna	Ganga
Varansi	Ganga
Kanpur	Ganga
Haridwar	Ganga
Badrinath	Alaknanda
Agra	Yamuna
Delhi	Yamuna
Mathura	Yamuna
Ferozpur	Satluj
Ludhiana	Satluj
Srinagar	Jhelum
Lucknow	Gomti
Jaunpur	Gomti
Ayodhya	Saryu
Bareillly	Ram ganga
Ahmedabad	Sabarmati
Kota	Chambal
Jabalpur	Narmada
Panji	Mandavi
Ujjain	Kashipra
Surat	Tapti
Jamshedpur	Swarnarekha
Dibrugarh	Brahmaputra
Guwahati	Brahmaputra
Kolkata	Hooghly
Sambalpur	Mahanadi
Cuttack	Mahanadi
Serirangapatnam	Cauvery
Hyderabad	Musi
Nasik	Godavari
Vijayvada	Krishna
Curnool	Tungabhadra
Tiruchirapalli	Cauvery

The Keeling Curve is a graph which plots the ongoing change in concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since 1958. It is based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii under the supervision of Charles David Keeling. Keeling's measurements showed the first significant evidence of rapidly increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Many scientists credit Keeling's graph with first bringing the world's attention to the current increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Dendrochronology

Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also known as growth rings. Dendrochronology can date the time at which tree rings were formed, in many types of wood, to the exact calendar year. This has three main areas of application: paleoecology, where it is used to determine certain aspects of past ecologies(most prominently climate); archaeology, where it is used to date old buildings, etc.; and radiocarbon dating, where it is used to calibrate radiocarbon ages (see below).

In some areas of the world, it is possible to date wood back a few thousand years, or even many thousands. Currently, the maximum for fully anchored chronologies is a little over 11,000 years from present.

Sampling and dating

Timber core samples measure the width of annual growth rings. By taking samples from different sites and different strata within a particular region, researchers can build a comprehensive historical sequence that becomes a part of the scientific record; for example, ancient timbers found in buildings can be dated to give an indication of when the source tree was alive and growing, setting an upper limit on the age of the wood. Some genera of trees are more suitable than others for this type of analysis. Likewise, in areas where trees grew in marginal conditions such as aridity or semi-aridity, the techniques of dendrochronology are more consistent than in humid areas. These tools have been important in archaeological dating of timbers of the cliff dwellings of Native Americans in the arid Southwest.

A benefit of dendrochronology is that it makes available specimens of once-living material accurately dated to a specific year to be used as a calibration and check of radiocarbon dating, through the estimation of a date range formed through the interception of radiocarbon (B.P., or 'B'efore 'P'resent, where present equals 1950-01-01) and calendar years.The bristlecone pine, being exceptionally long-lived and slow growing, has been used for this purpose, with still-living and dead specimens providing tree ring patterns going back thousands of years. In some regions dating sequences of more than 10,000 years are available.

The dendrochronologist faces many obstacles, however, including some species of ant which inhabit trees and extend their galleries into the wood, thus destroying ring structure.

Similar seasonal patterns also occur in ice cores and in varves (layers of sediment deposition in a lake, river, or sea bed). The deposition pattern in the core will vary for a frozen-over lake versus an ice-free lake, and with the fineness of the sediment. Some columnar cactus also exhibit similar seasonal patterns in the isotopes of carbon and oxygen in their spines (acanthochronology). These are used for dating in a manner similar to dendrochronology, and such techniques are used in combination with dendrochronology, to plug gaps and to extend the range of the seasonal data available to archaeologists and paleoclimatologists.

While archaeologists can use the technique to date the piece of wood and when it was felled, it may be difficult to definitively determine the age of a building or structure that the wood is in. The wood could have been reused from an older structure, may have been felled and left for many years before use, or could have been used to replace a damaged piece of wood.

Atmosphere

Troposphere- if u go up the temp decreasesat 6.5 degree/km

atmos acts like a glass house for earth,absorbs the longwave radiation

Rivers

Zaire crosses the equator twice

Murray—Indian ocean

Congo—atlantic ocean

Nile—medittrean sea

Indus---indian ocean

Sea

Caspian sea---- world’s biggest lake

Baikal lake--- world deepest lake

Michigan- lake bordered by bg cities

Dead sea—lake below sea level

One litre sea water contains---35% salt

Sargasso sea ---- north atlantic ocean

Canal

Panama--- lnks atlantic and pacific ocean

CURRENTS

Agulhas Current	Indian	Warm
Alaska Current	North Pacific	Warm
aleutian	North pacific
Benguela Current	South Atlantic	Warm/Cool
Brazil Current	South Atlantic	Warm
California Current	North Pacific	Cool
Canaries Current	North Atlantic	Cool
East Australian Current	South Pacific	Warm
Equitorial Current	Pacific	Warm
Gulf Stream	North Altantic	Warm
Humboldt (Peru) Current	South Pacific	Cool
Kuroshio (Japan) Current	North Pacific	Warm
Labrador Current	North Atlantic	Cool
North Atlantic Drift	North Atlantic	Warm
North Pacific Drift	North Pacific	Warm
Oyashio (Kamchatka) Current	North Pacific	Cool
West Australian Current	Indian	Cool
West Wind Drift	South Pacific	Cool

MOZAMBIQUE INDIAN WARM

Straits

St. of Istanbul (bosphorous)

World’s narrowest strait used for international navigation.it connects black sea with sea of marmara.in 2010 , for the first time, a robotic 'yellow submarine' was sent to observe detailed flows within an 'undersea river' in the Bosphorous.

Florida starit

Gibraltar starit

Bering strait

Malacca strait

Kardiva Channel -is a broad channel running from southwest to northeast and cutting across the Maldive atoll chain. This channel divides the Northern from the Central atolls of the Maldives. It appeared on the old French maps as Courant de Caridou. Locally it is also referred to as the northern part being the Kaashidhoo Bodu Kandu and Kaashidhoo Kuda Kandu the southern part.

9 degree channel- separates lakshwadeep and maliku atoll

10 degree channel – separates Andaman and nicobar

Volcano	Country / Location	Eruption Start Date

Grímsvötn	Iceland	2011
Katla	Iceland	2011
Puyehue-Cordón Caulle	Chile	2011
Planchón-Peteroa	Chile	2011
Turrialba	Costa Rica	2011
Telica	Nicaragua	2011
Cleveland	United States	2011
Kliuchevskoi	Russia	2011
Bezymianny	Russia	2011
Aso	Japan	2011
Kirishima	Japan	2011
Karangetang [Api Siau]	Indonesia	2011
Lokon-Empung	Indonesia	2011
Soputan	Indonesia	2011
Merapi	Indonesia	2011
Marapi	Indonesia	2011
Aoba	Vanuatu	2011
Rabaul	Papua New Guinea	2011
Tofua	Tonga	2011
Nabro	Eritrea	2011
San Cristóbal	Nicaragua	2010 Dec 15
Tengger Caldera	Indonesia	2010 Nov 26
Tungurahua	Ecuador	2010 Nov 22
Kizimen	Russia	2010 Nov 11 (?)
Bulusan	Philippines	2010 Nov 6
Krakatau	Indonesia	2010 Oct 25 (?)
Barren Island	India	2010 Sep 17
Etna	Italy	2010 Aug 25
Manam	Papua New Guinea	2010 Aug 10 (?)
Ulawun	Papua New Guinea	2010 May 26 ± 4 days
Concepción	Nicaragua	2009 Dec 11
Villarrica	Chile	2009 Nov 22
Poás	Costa Rica	2009 Nov
Huila, Nevado del	Colombia	2008 Oct 26 (?)
Tinakula	Solomon Is	2008 Sep 19 (?)
Reventador	Ecuador	2008 Jul 27
Ambrym	Vanuatu	2008 May 23
Ibu	Indonesia	2008 Apr 5
Soufrière Hills	United Kingdom	2005 Apr 15
Popocatépetl	México	2005 Jan 9
Suwanose-jima	Japan	2004 Oct 23
Nyiragongo	DR Congo	2002 May 17 (?)
Fuego	Guatemala	2002 Jan 4
Karymsky	Russia	2001 Nov 15
Bagana	Papua New Guinea	2000 Sep 16
Shiveluch	Russia	1999 Aug 15
Colima	México	1997 Nov 22
Erebus	East Antarctica	1972 Dec (on or before)
Semeru	Indonesia	1967 Aug 31
Erta Ale	Ethiopia	1967 (in or before)
Sakura-jima	Japan	1955 Oct 13
Sangay	Ecuador	1934 Aug 8
Stromboli	Italy	1934 Feb 2
Dukono	Indonesia	1933 Aug 13
Santa María	Guatemala	1922 Jun 22
Yasur	Vanuatu	1774 (in or before)

Europe and Atlantic Ocean:

· Etna (Sicily (Italy))

· Stromboli (Eolian Islands, Italy)

· Santorini(Cyclades, Greece)

· El Hierro (Canary Islands)

· Vesuvius- italy

Iceland:

· Reykjanes(Reykjanes peninsula (SW Iceland))

· Katla (Iceland)

· Hekla (Iceland)

Africa and Indian Ocean:

· Ol Doinyo Lengai(Tanzania)

· Erta Ale (Ethiopia)

· Nyiragongo(DRCongo)

· Karthala (Indian Ocean, world)

· Nyamuragira(DRCongo)

· Nabro (Eritrea)

· Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion)

· Barren Island(Indian Ocean)

Indonesia:

· Karangetang (Siau Island, Sangihe Islands, Indonesia)

· Dukono(Halmahera, Indonesia)

· Lokon-Empung(North Sulawesi & Sangihe Islands, Indonesia)

· Semeru (East Java, Indonesia)

· Batu Tara (Sunda Islands, Indonesia)

· Gamkonora(Halmahera, Indonesia)

· Soputan (North Sulawesi, Indonesia)

· Merapi (Central Java, Indonesia)

· Marapi (Western Sumatra, Indonesia)

· Gamalama(Halmahera, Indonesia)

· Lewotobi (Flores, Indonesia)

· Sirung (Pantar Island, Indonesia)

· Rinjani (Lombok, Indonesia)

· Paluweh (Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia)

· Sangeang Api(Indonesia)

· Ijen (East Java, Indonesia)

· Papandayan (West Java, Indonesia)

· Krakatau (Sunda Strait, Indonesia)

· Talang (Sumatra, Indonesia)

· Sinabung(Sumatra, Indonesia)

· Kerinci (Sumatra, Indonesia)

Aleutians, Alaska and North America:

· Iliamna (Cook Inlet (SW Alaska))

· Cleveland (Alaska)

· Yellowstone(Wyoming)

· South Sister(Oregon)

· Long Valley(California)

Central America and Carribean:

· Santa María / Santiaguito(Guatemala)

· Fuego (Guatemala)

· Popocatépetl(Central Mexico)

· Telica (Nicaragua)

· Masaya (Nicaragua)

· Concepción(Nicaragua)

· Rincón de la Vieja(Costa Rica)

· Turrialba (Costa Rica)

· Soufriere Hills(Montserrat, West Indies (UK))

· Pacaya(Guatemala)

· San Salvador (El Salvador)

· San Cristobal(Nicaragua)

· Arenal (Costa Rica)

· Poas (Costa Rica)

South America:

· Villarrica (Central Chile and Argentina, South America)

· Sangay (Ecuador)

· Reventador(Ecuador)

· Nevado del Ruiz(Colombia)

· Galeras (Colombia)

· Ubinas (Peru)

· Tungurahua(Ecuador)

· Machin (Colombia)

· Nevado del Huila(Colombia)

· Sotará (Colombia)

· Cumbal (Colombia)

· Cuicocha (Ecuador)

· Chaitén (Southern Chile and Argentina, South America)

· Puntiagudo-Cordón Cenizos (Central Chile and Argentina, South America)

· Puyehue-Cordón Caulle (Central Chile and Argentina, South America)

· San Pedro-Pellado(Central Chile and Argentina, South America)

· Chiliques (Northern Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, South America)

Other regions:

· Erebus (Antarctica)

· Siple (Marie Byrd Land, Western Antarctica)

Pacific Ocean:

· Kilauea (Hawai'i)

· Bagana(Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea)

· Ulawun (New Britain, Papua New Guinea)

· Manam (Papua New Guinea)

· Yasur (Tanna Island, Vanuatu)

· Ambrym (Vanuatu )

· Langila (New Britain, Papua New Guinea)

· Mauna Loa (Hawai'i, Pacific Ocean)

· Pagan (Mariana Islands)

· Lamington (New Guinea, Papua New Guinea)

· Karkar (Northeast of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea)

· Rabaul (Tavurvur)(New Britain, Papua New Guinea)

· Tongariro (North Island, New Zealand)

· White Island (New Zealand)

· Gaua (Vanuatu )

· Tinakula (Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands)

Ring of Fire (Kurile Islands to Philippines):

· Shiveluch(Kamchatka)

· Kliuchevskoi(Kamchatka)

· Sakurajima(Kyushu, Japan)

· Kizimen (Eastern Kamchatka (Russia))

· Karymsky(Kamchatka)

· Aso (Kyushu, Japan)

· Kirishima (Kyushu, Japan)

· Suwanose-jima(Ryukyu Islands, Japan)

· Iwo-jima (Volcano Islands, Japan)

· Bezymianny(Kamchatka, world)

· Gorely (Southern Kamchatka)

· Mt Fuji (Honshu, Japan)

· Kuchinoerabu-jima(Ryukyu Islands, Japan)

· Taal (Luzon, Philippines)

India

Sun does not shine vertically over hazaribarg

Rice bowl---

Wheat bowl

Egg bowl

Soya bowl

Only floating national park of india----keibul lamjao

India’s first cinemascope film was kaagaz ke phool

The largest desalination plant in South Asia is the Minjur Desalination Plant near Chennai in India which produces 36.5 million cubic meters of water per year.NEW INDIa Largest seawater desalination plnt to open soon in nemmili 100 MLD (million litres per day).

Boundary

Pakistan bordered

Bangladesh borders---assam,Meghalaya,

The "Hkakabo Razi" which is famous for Hkakabo Razi National Park, is a border tripoint between india ,china and Myanmar.

Islands

Seychelles- in Indian ocean

Elephant island

Wheelers

Sager

KURIL ISLAND DISPUTED TERITORRY BETWN JAPAN AND RUSSIA

Kerala

Cochin located in wellington island

Areawise

1^ST FULLY LITERRATE DISTRICT OUTIDE KERALA IS WARDHAMAN(W.B)

States

1.Rajasthan

2.Madhayapradesh

Mizoram is called the molassis basin

Siachen glacieri in karakoram range

Gulf of khambhat----btwn gujarat and Gujarat

Gulf of kutch-

Mountains

Himalayas

Nanga parbat-j&k

Mt.kamet—uttrakand

Dhaualagiri—nepal

Namchaparva—china

Ranges

Karakoram, Zaskar, pirpanchal,ladakh

East to west

Khasi garo jantia mishi

Naga hills form the watershed btwn myanmar and india.

Satmala

harichandra

Mishmi

Baba bhudan---- southern most range of mountain

Forests-

Shola forest--- temperate forest

Rivers

Name	Origin	States	Dam	resorvoir
		Pong dam
Indus	Tibet
Sutlej	Tibet
		Babli dam	Maharastra
Ghaghara	Tibet
Chambal		Gandhi sagar dam
Bramhaputra	Manasarovar lake
		METTUR DAM(1934)
Son
Mahe
Sabarmathi

Ken

betwa

Mahe crosses tropic of cancer twice

Luni river drains in gulf of kutch

Deva prayag- confluence of alaknand and Bhagirathi

Vishnu prayag- alaknand and Vishnu ganga

Rudra prayag- alaknand and mandakini

Karana prayag- alaknand and pindar

Conventional Sources of Energy

I. The sources of energy which have been in use for a long time, e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas and water power.

II. They are exhaust able except water.

III. They cause pollution when used, as they emit smoke and ash.

IV. They are very expensive to be maintained, stored and transmitted as they are carried over long distance through transmission grid and lines.

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

I. The resources which are yet in the process of development over the past few years. It includes solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and biomass, geothermal.

II. They are inexhaustible.

III. They are generally pollution free.

IV. Less expensive due to local sue and easy to maintain.

Power

Hydro electic

Thermal

National thermal power limited set up in 1975.

Thermal-Coal based

Sr. No.	Project	State	Inst.Capacity
1	Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station	Uttar Pradesh	2,000
2	NTPC Korba	Chhattisgarh	2,600
3	NTPC Ramagundam	Andhra Pradesh	2,600
4	Farakka Super Thermal Power Station	West Bengal	2,100
5	NTPC Vindhyachal	Madhya Pradesh	3,760
6	Rihand Thermal Power Station	Uttar Pradesh	2,500
7	Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station	Bihar	2,340
8	NTPC Dadri	Uttar Pradesh	1,820
9	NTPC Talcher Kaniha	Orissa	3,000
10	Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant	Uttar Pradesh	1,050
11	Talcher Thermal Power Station	Orissa	460
12	Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant	Andhra Pradesh	1,500
13	Tanda Thermal Power Plant	Uttar Pradesh	440
14	Badarpur Thermal power plant	Delhi	705
15	Sipat Thermal Power Plant	Chhattisgarh	2980
16	NTPC Bongaigaon (commissioning 2013 onwards ^[7])	Assam	750 (3x250 MW)
17	NTPC Mouda (1 unit 500 MW is commissioned in April 2012 ^[8])	Maharashtra	1000 (2x500 MW)
18	Rihand Thermal Power Station (erection phase)	Uttar Pradesh	1*500 MW
19	NTPC Barh (commissioning 2013 onwards ^[9])	Bihar	3300 (5x660 MW)
Total			31,995

[edit]Coal Based (Owned by JVs)

Sr. No.	Name of the JV	City	State	Inst.Capacity
1	NSPCL. Joint venture with SAIL.	Durgapur	West Bengal	120
2	NSPCL. Joint venture with SAIL.	Rourkela	Orissa	120
3	NSPCL. Joint venture with SAIL.	Bhilai	Chhattisgarh	574
4	Nabinagar Power Generating Co. Pvt. Ltd. (NPGC). Joint venture with Bihar State Electricity Board.	Aurangabad	Bihar	1980
5	Muzaffarpur Thermal Power Station (MTPS). Joint venture with Bihar State Electricity Board.	Kanti	Bihar	110
6	Bhartiya Rail Bijlee Company Limited. Joint venture with Indian Railways.	Nabinagar	Bihar	1000
7	Aravali Power CPL JV with HPGCL & IPGCL		Haryana	1500
	Total			5404

[edit]GAS based

Sr. No.	Project	State	Inst.Capacity
1	NTPC Anta	Rajasthan	413
2	NTPC Auraiya	Uttar Pradesh	652
3	NTPC Kawas	Gujarat	645
4	NTPC Dadri	Uttar Pradesh	817
5	NTPC Jhanor	Gujarat	648
6	NTPC Kayamkulam	Kerala	350
7	NTPC Faridabad	Haryana	430
Total			4955

[edit]

NTPC Hydel

The company has also stepped up its hydroelectric power (hydel) projects implementation. Some of these projects are:

1. Loharinag Pala Hydro Power Project by NTPC Ltd: In Loharinag Pala Hydro Power Project with a capacity of 600 MW (150 MW x 4 Units). The main package has been awarded. The present executives' strength is 100+. The project is located on river Bhagirathi (a tributary of the Ganges) in Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand state. This is the first project downstream from the origin of the Ganges at Gangotri. Project has been discontinued by Government of India in August 2010.

2. Tapovan Vishnugad 520MW Hydro Power Project by NTPC Ltd: In Joshimath town.

3. Lata Tapovan 130MW Hydro Power Project by NTPC Ltd: is further upstream to Joshimath. This project is under environmental revision.

4. Koldam Hydro Power Project 800 MW in Himachal Pradesh (130 km from Chandigarh)

5. Rupasiyabagar Khasiabara HPP, 261 MW in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand State, near China Border.

6. Amochu in Bhutan

[edit]

Tidal----

Wind--

Geothermal

Wave

Atomic power plant

Nuclear power plants

Currently, twenty nuclear power reactors produce 4,780.00 MW (2.9% of total installed base).^[53][54]

Power station	Operator	State	Type	Units	Total capacity (MW)
Kaiga	NPCIL	Karnataka	PHWR	220 x 4	880
Kakrapar	NPCIL	Gujarat	PHWR	220 x 2	440
Kalpakkam	NPCIL	Tamil Nadu	PHWR	220 x 2	440
Narora	NPCIL	Uttar Pradesh	PHWR	220 x 2	440
Rawatbhata	NPCIL	Rajasthan	PHWR	100 x 1 200 x 1 220 x 4	1180
Tarapur	NPCIL	Maharashtra	BWR (PHWR) BOILING WATER REACTOR	160 x 2 540 x 2	1400
			Total	20	4780

The projects under construction are:^[55]

Power station	Operator	State	Type	Units	Total capacity (MW)
Kudankulam	NPCIL	Tamil Nadu	VVER-1000	1000 x 2	2000
Kalpakkam	BHAVINI	Tamil Nadu	PFBR	500 x 1	500
Kakrapar	NPCIL	Gujarat	PHWR	700 x 2	1400
Rawatbhata	NPCIL	Rajasthan	PHWR	700 x 2	1400
			Total	7	5300

There have thus been mass protests against the French-backed 9900 MW Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Maharashtra and the 2000 MW Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu. The state government of West Bengal state has also refused permission to a proposed 6000 MW facility near the town of Haripur that intended to host six Russian reactors. The People's Movement Against Nuclear Energy is an anti-nuclear power group in Tamil Nadu, India. The aim of the group is to close the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant site and to preserve the largely untouched coastal landscape, as well as educate locals about nuclear power

Soil

Pedalfer soil---- soil of grassland

Red soil

Found maximum in tamilnadu

Found in Rarh region of west Bengal.

Laterite soil or ferral soil

Institutes

WORLD TRADE CENTRE IN INDIA PLANNING TO SET UP AT--- KOCHI

NATIONAL CENTRE FOR ANTARTIC &OCEAN RESEARCH--- GOA

Central institute fo fisheries---- kochi

Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE) is the only Deemed University for fisheries in India

The institute is one of the four main institutes under the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR); the other three being the Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), The National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) and the Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI)^[2]

A total of four subcentres operate under CIFE, including ones at Kolkata (West Bengal), Rohtak (Haryana), Kakinada (Andhra Pradesh) and Powerkheda (Madhya Pradesh)

Central cotton research institute---nagpur

Regional cotton r .i --- coimbatore

Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany- LUCKNOW

VARIABLE ENERGY CYCLOTRON CENTRE ---KOLKATTA

NATIONAL RURAL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE --- HYDERABAD

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NUTRITION---HYDERABAD

NANO KNOWLEDGE CITY--- CHANDIGRAH

India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a proposed particle physics research project to primarily study atmospheric neutrinos in a 1,300 meters (4,300 ft) deep cave under Ino Peak near Theni (POTTIPURAM), Tamil Nadu, India

INDIAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ESTABLISHED IN 1875

National Institute of Secondary Steel Technology (NISST)-NISST aims to be a single source for all the requirements of the secondary steel sector

Biju Patnaik National Steel Institute-Situated in Puri, BPNSI is an institute of modern steel technology. It provides education and training, research and development, and consultancy to the Steel Sector

Wind

Chinook wind is other wise called as snow eater.

Sirocco is a hot wind.

Fohn is a

Mineral resources

Fertilizer

First fertilizer plant in sindri(bihar)

Core industry

Petrol,crude oil,steel

Oil

First oil well in india located in assam(1901)

The Gujarat Refinery is an oil refinery located at Koyali (Near Vadodara) in Gujarat, Western India. It is the largest refinery owned by Indian Oil Corporation

As of July, 2005 there are a total of 18 refineries in the country comprising 17 in the Public Sector, one in the private sector. The company-wise locations and capacity of the refineries as on 1.7.2005 are given below:

S.NO.	Name of the company	Location of the Refinery	Capacity(MMTPA)*
1.	Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)	Guwahati	1.00
2.	IOCL	Barauni	6.00
3.	IOCL	Koyali(Gujarat)	13.70
4.	IOCL	Haldia	6.00
5.	IOCL	Mathura	8.00
6.	IOCL	Digboi	0.65
7.	IOCL	Panipat	6.00
8.	Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)	Mumbai	5.50
9.	HPCL	Visakhapatnam	7.50
10.	Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)	Mumbai	6.90
11.	Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL)	Manali	9.50
12.	CPCL	Nagapattnam	1.00
13.	Kochi Refineries Ltd. (KRL)	Kochi	7.50
14.	Bongaigaon Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd. (BRPL)	Bongaigaon	2.35
15.	Numaligarh Refinery Ltd.(NRL)	Numaligarh	3.00
16.	Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL)	Mangalore	9.69
17.	Tatipaka refinery (ONGC)	Andhra Pradesh	0.078
18.	Reliance Petroleum Ltd. (RPL).Pvt. Sector	Jamnagar	33.00
	TOTAL		127.37

* Million Metric Tonnes Per Annum

http://petroleum.nic.in/refi.htm

Silver

Zawar mine in Udaipur famous for silver.

Gold

India 10^th country in world

World official gold holding (December 2010)^[12]
Rank	Country/Organization	Gold (tonnes)	Gold's share of national forex reserves(%)^[12]
1	United States of America	8,133.5	76.6%
2	Federal Republic of Germany	3,396.3	73.7%
3	International Monetary Fund	2,814.0	N.A.
4	Italian Republic	2,451.8	73.4%
5	French Republic	2,435.4	71.8%
6	People's Republic of China	1,054.1	01.8%
7	Swiss Confederation	1,040.1	15.3%
8	Russian Federation	883.2	09.2%
9	Japan	765.2	03.5%
10	Kingdom of the Netherlands	612.5	61.9%
11	Republic of India	557.7	09.6%
12	European Central Bank	502.1	35.0%
13	Republic of China (Taiwan)	422.4	05.9%
14	Portuguese Republic	382.5	89.2%
15	Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela	372.9	67.7%

India holds 1^st position in the mica production

Gypsum

Rajasthan leading producer

Mineral oil

Kalol(guj) is famous for oil.

Iron and steel

Goa famoua for iron ore mine

Indal- alupuram

Hindalco- renukoot

Balco-korba

Nalco-damanjodi

SAIL Integrated Steel Plants

1. Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) in Odisha set up with G erman collaboration (The first integrated steel plant in the Public Sector in India, 1959)

2. Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) in Chhattisgarh set up with Soviet collaboration (1959)

3. Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) at Durgapur, West Bengal set up with British collaboration (1965)

4. Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) in Jharkhand (1965) set up with Soviet collaboration (The Plant is hailed as the country’s first Swadeshi steel plant, built with maximum indigenous content in terms of equipment, material and know-how)

5. IISCO Steel Plant (ISP) at Burnpur, West Bengal

Special Steel Plants

1. Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

2. Alloy Steels Plants (ASP), Durgapur, West Bengal

3. Salem Steel Plant (SSP), Tamil Nadu

4. Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited (VISL), at Bhadravathi, Karnataka

Subsidiaries

1. Maharashtra Elektro-smelt Limited (MEL) in Maharashtra

Public Sector Undertakings

§ Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)

§ Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. (RINL)

§ National Mineral Development Corporation Ltd (NMDC)

§ Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd (KIOCL)

§ MECON Limited

§ Manganese Ore (India) Ltd (MOIL)

§ MSTC Limited

§ Hindustan Steel Works Construction Limited (HSCL)

§ Sponge Iron India Limited (SIIL)

§ Bharat Refractories Limited (BRL)

§ Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited (FSNL)

§ Bird Group of Companies

Coal

Largest coal mine is jharia.

Platinum- orissa

Ruby-orrisa

Uranium

White coal

Aluminium plant---- requires bauxite and electricity

Corundum- sole producer maharastra

Transport

Airways

Airport authority of india set up in 1995

Lokpriya gopinath bardoloi international airport----- guwahati

§
Ahmedabad – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport

§ Amritsar – Raja Sansi International Airport

§ Bangalore – Bengaluru International Airport

§ Bhopal – Raja Bhoj International Airport

§ Bagdogra Airport

§ Chennai International Airport

§ Coimbatore International Airport

§ Delhi – Indira Gandhi International Airport

§ Gaya – Gaya Airport

§ Guwahati – LGBI: Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport

§ Goa – Dabolim Airport

§ Hyderabad – Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

§ Jaipur Airport

§ Kochi – Cochin International Airport

§ Kolkata – Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport

§ Kozhikode – Calicut International Airport

§ Lucknow – Amausi Airport

§ Mangalore International Airport

§ Mumbai – Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport

§ Nagpur – Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport

§ Pune International Airport

§ Siliguri – Bagdogra Airport

§ Tiruchirapalli – Tiruchirapalli International Airport

§ Thiruvananthapuram – Trivandrum International Airport

§ Visakhapatnam – Visakhapatnam International Airport

Railways

LONGEST RAILWAY BRIDGE OF INDIA IS LOCATED IN KERALA

Icf Set up in 1955

Sl. No	Name	Abbr.	Date Established	Route KMs	Headquarters	Divisions
1.	Central	CR	1951-11-05	3905	Mumbai	Mumbai, Bhusawal, Pune, Solapur, Nagpur
2.	East Central	ECR	2002-10-01	3628	Hajipur	Danapur, Dhanbad, Mughalsarai, Samastipur,Sonpur
3.	East Coast	ECoR	2003-04-01	2572	Bhubaneswar	Khurda Road, Sambalpur, Visakhapatnam
4.	Eastern	ER	1952-04	2414	Kolkata	Howrah, Sealdah, Asansol, Malda
5.	North Central	NCR	2003-04-01	3151	Allahabad	Allahabad, Agra, Jhansi
6.	North Eastern	NER	1952	3667	Gorakhpur	Izzatnagar, Lucknow, Varanasi
7.	North Western	NWR	2002-10-01	5459	Jaipur	Jaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur
8.	Northeast Frontier	NFR	1958-01-15	3907	Guwahati	Alipurduar, Katihar, Rangia, Lumding, Tinsukia
9.	Northern	NR	1952-04-14	6968	Delhi	Delhi, Ambala, Firozpur, Lucknow, Moradabad
10.	South Central	SCR	1966-10-02	5803	Secunderabad	Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Guntakal, Guntur,Nanded, Vijayawada
11.	South East Central	SECR	2003-04-01	2447	Bilaspur	Bilaspur, Raipur, Nagpur
12.	South Eastern	SER	1955	2631	Kolkata	Adra, Chakradharpur, Kharagpur, Ranchi
13.	South Western	SWR	2003-04-01	3177	Hubli	Hubli, Bangalore, Mysore
14.	Southern	SR	1951-04-14	5098	Chennai	Chennai, Trichy, Madurai, Palakkad, Salem,Thiruvananthapuram
15.	West Central	WCR	2003-04-01	2965	Jabalpur	Jabalpur, Bhopal, Kota
16.	Western	WR	1951-11-05	6182	Mumbai	Mumbai Central, Ratlam, Ahmedabad, Rajkot,Bhavnagar, Vadodara
17.	Kolkata Metro	KNR	2010	--	Kolkata	Kolkata

Ports

Northern most port of india- kandla

Tamilnadu has the maximum no of major ports

Deepest major port in india- vishak

Name
Kolkata (Kolkata Dock System & Haldia Dock Complex)
Paradip
Visakhapatnam
Chennai
Tuticorin
Cochin
New Mangalore Port
Mormugao
Mumbai
J.N.P.T.
Ennore (corporate)
Kandla
All Indian Ports

13^th major port is located at south andaman

The Port Pipavav in Saurashtra, handled by APM terminals; developed by AFCONS is one of the most efficient Port functioning in India.

Port of Dhamara in Orissa was inaugurated in August 2010 which is 18 meter deep^[4]) of India.^[5] There are another 5 ports offing in Orissa.^[6]

Road

North south corridor and east west corridor meet at jhansi

National highway

Post

Indipex 2011 organised by india post.

Tribal population

Angamis--- Nagaland

Todas—tamil nadu

Moplahs---kerala

Khasis—meghalaya

Konkan-Gabit, Gauda and Kunbi

Kathiawar-Walas, Jethwas, Raijadas, Chudasamas, Gohils, Parmars

Kutch-Lohana, Bhatia, Kapdi, Jadeja, Gadhvi, Darbar

Irrigation

Tube wells

Max in tamil nadu

Agriculture

Rice

100 to 150 cm

China tops in production in the world next is india, then Indonesia and Bangladesh.

Rice production-----West Bengal, andra,up,Punjab,tn

Wheat

75-100 cm

Ragi

50-100 cm

Baira

40 to 50 cm

Jute

Golden fibre

Castor seeds

Gujarat largest producer of castor seeds.

Grapes

Karnataka is the largest producer of grapes.

Bordering Pakistan	Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujrat
Bordering China	Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh
Bordering Nepal	Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal
Bordering Bangladesh	West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura and Asom
Bordering Bhutan	West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Asom
Bordering Myanmar	Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram
Bordering Afghanistan	Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan-Occupied Area).

gen know

Saturday, 24 November 2012

introduction

Wednesday, 7 November 2012

Important Lines and Boundaries