Thursday, 1 November 2012

award for maths

Fields Medal

The Fields Medal, officially known as International Medal for Outstanding Discoveries in Mathematics, is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians not over 40 years of age at each International Congress of theInternational Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years. The colloquial name is in honour of Canadian mathematician John Charles Fields.

The Fields Medal is often described as the "Nobel Prize of Mathematics" for being traditionally regarded as the most prestigious award in the field of mathematics;



YearICM locationMedalists[10]InstitutionNationality
1936Norway OsloLars Ahlfors
Jesse Douglas
University of Helsinki
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Finland
United States
1950United States CambridgeLaurent Schwartz
Atle Selberg
University of Nancy
Institute for Advanced Study
France
Norway
1954Netherlands AmsterdamKunihiko Kodaira
Jean-Pierre Serre
Institute for Advanced Study
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Japan
France
1958United Kingdom EdinburghKlaus Roth
René Thom
University College London
University of Strasbourg
United Kingdom
France
1962Sweden StockholmLars Hörmander
John Milnor
University of Stockholm
Princeton University
Sweden
United States
1966Soviet Union MoscowMichael Atiyah
Paul Joseph Cohen
Alexander Grothendieck
Stephen Smale
University of Oxford
Stanford University
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
University of California, Berkeley
United Kingdom
United States
None
United States
1970France NiceAlan Baker
Heisuke Hironaka
Sergei Novikov
John G. Thompson
University of Cambridge
Harvard University
Moscow State University
University of Cambridge
United Kingdom
Japan
Soviet Union
United States
1974Canada VancouverEnrico Bombieri
David Mumford
University of Pisa
Harvard University
Italy
United States
1978Finland HelsinkiPierre Deligne
Charles Fefferman
Grigory Margulis
Daniel Quillen
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
Princeton University
Moscow State University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Belgium
United States
Soviet Union
United States
1982Poland WarsawAlain Connes
William Thurston
Shing-Tung Yau
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
Princeton University
Institute for Advanced Study
France
United States
United States
1986United States BerkeleySimon Donaldson
Gerd Faltings
Michael Freedman
University of Oxford
Princeton University
University of California, San Diego
United Kingdom
West Germany
United States
1990Japan KyotoVladimir Drinfeld
Vaughan F. R. Jones
Shigefumi Mori
Edward Witten
Kharkiv Institute for Low Temperature Physics
University of California, Berkeley
Kyoto University
Institute for Advanced Study
Soviet Union
New Zealand
Japan
United States
1994Switzerland ZürichJean Bourgain
Pierre-Louis Lions
Jean-Christophe Yoccoz
Efim Zelmanov
Institute for Advanced Study
Paris Dauphine University
Paris-Sud 11 University
University of California, San Diego
Belgium
France
France
Russia
1998Germany BerlinRichard Borcherds
Timothy Gowers
Maxim Kontsevich
Curtis T. McMullen
University of California, Berkeley and University of Cambridge
University of Cambridge
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques and Rutgers University
Harvard University
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Russia
United States
2002China BeijingLaurent Lafforgue
Vladimir Voevodsky
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
Institute for Advanced Study
France
Russia
2006Spain MadridAndrei Okounkov
Grigori Perelman
Terence Tao
Wendelin Werner
Princeton University
None (Saint Petersburg)
University of California, Los Angeles
Paris-Sud 11 University
Russia
Russia
Australia
France
2010India HyderabadElon Lindenstrauss
Ngô Bảo Châu
Stanislav Smirnov
Cédric Villani
Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Princeton University
Paris-Sud 11 University and Institute for Advanced Study
University of Geneva
École Normale Supérieure de Lyon and Institut Henri Poincaré
Israel
Vietnam-France
Russia
France
2014South Korea SeoulTBD

[edit]Landmarks

In 1954, Jean-Pierre Serre became the youngest winner of the Fields Medal, at 27. He still retains this distinction.
In 1966, Alexander Grothendieck boycotted the ICM, held in Moscow, to protest Soviet military actions taking place in Eastern Europe.[11]
In 1970, Sergei Novikov, due to restrictions placed on him by the Soviet government, was unable to travel to the congress in Nice to receive his medal.
In 1978, Grigory Margulis, due to restrictions placed on him by the Soviet government, was unable to travel to the congress in Helsinki to receive his medal. The award was accepted on his behalf by Jacques Tits, who said in his address: "I cannot but express my deep disappointment — no doubt shared by many people here — in the absence of Margulis from this ceremony. In view of the symbolic meaning of this city of Helsinki, I had indeed grounds to hope that I would have a chance at last to meet a mathematician whom I know only through his work and for whom I have the greatest respect and admiration."[12]
In 1982, the congress was due to be held in Warsaw but had to be rescheduled to the next year, due to martial law introduced in Poland 13 Dec 1981. The awards were announced at the ninth General Assembly of the IMU earlier in the year and awarded at the 1983 Warsaw congress.
In 1990, Edward Witten became the first and so far only physicist to win this award.
In 1998, at the ICM, Andrew Wiles was presented by the chair of the Fields Medal Committee, Yuri I. Manin, with the first-ever IMU silver plaque in recognition of his proof ofFermat's Last Theorem. Don Zagier referred to the plaque as a "quantized Fields Medal". Accounts of this award frequently make reference that at the time of the award Wiles was over the age limit for the Fields medal.[13] Although Wiles was slightly over the age limit in 1994, he was thought to be a favorite to win the medal; however, a gap (later resolved by Taylor and Wiles) in the proof was found in 1993.[14][15]
In 2006, Grigori Perelman, who proved the Poincaré conjecture, refused his Fields Medal[5] and did not attend the congress.[16]
In 2010, Ngo Bao Chau (French-Vietnamese nationality) became the first person from one of the developing countries to win this award.




The Carl Friedrich Gauss Prize for Applications of Mathematics is a mathematics award, granted jointly by the International Mathematical Union and the German Mathematical Society for "outstanding mathematical contributions that have found significant applications outside of mathematics". The award receives its name from theGerman mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.




The Chern Medal is an international award recognizing outstanding lifelong achievement of the highest level in the field ofmathematics..The prize is given at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) which is held every four years.
2010 Louis Nirenberg – "for his role in the formulation of the modern theory of non-linear elliptic partial differential equations and for mentoring numerous students and post-docs in this area

english grammar






SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES – A COMPARISON


Simple
Compound
Complex
1.
Inspite of his old age he is healthy
He is old but he is healthy
Though he is old, he is healthy
2.
Despite the bad weather the fisherman go to the sea.
The weather is bad yet the fishermen go to the sea.
Even though the weather is bad the fishermen got to the sea
3.
In the event of  your coming late you will not be allowed inside the meeting hall
Don’t  come late or else you will not  be allowed inside the meeting hall
If you come late you will not be allowed inside the meeting hall
4.
Without your help I can do nothing
You must help me or I can do nothing
Unless you help me I can do nothing
5.
On account of bundth today is a holiday
There is a bundth and so today is a holiday
As there is a bundth  today is a holiday
6.
Your presence is essential
You must be present and it is essential
That you must be present is essential
7.
Because of smoking he lost his health
He was smoking and so he lost his health
Since he had smoking he lost his health
8.
Due to heavy loss he gave up his business
He had heavy loss and so he gave up his business
He gave up his business because he had heavy loss
9.
Besides a singe Ranjan is a good musician
Ranjan is not only a singer but also a good musician
Ranjan is a singer as well as a musician
10.
The old man is too tired to walk
The old man is very tired and so he cannot walk
The old man is so tired that he cannot walk.
11.
On hearing the news the lady fainted
She heard the news and at once she fainted
As soon as the lady heard the news she fainted
12.
Having done his homework he went to bed
He had done his homework and then went to bed
After he had done his homework he went to bed
13.
Hari proved his honesty
Hari was honest and he proved it
Hari proved that he was honest
14.
The hero jumped out of the running train
The train was running and the hero jumped out of it.
The hero jumped out of the train that was running
15.
Having spared the rod, spoil the child
Spare the rod and spoil the child
If you spare the rod, you will spoil the child
16.
Doing the exercise regularly your health will be improved
Do the exercise regularly and your health will be improved.
If you do the exercise regularly your health will be improved








SENTENCE PATTERN

BEFORMS WORDS----IS,AM,WAS,WERE,WILL BE,LOOK,APPEAR,APPOINT,BECOME

COMPLIMENT--- COMPLETES THE BEFORMS(NOUN OR ADJECTIVE)

ADJUNCT----HOW,WHEN,WHERE,WHY,

whom/what-----obejct-----WHOM (HIS,HIM,----I.O) WHAT(D.O)


DEGREE OF COMPARISON


ONE OF THE ------(SUP) THAN MANY OTHER( COMP)---POST( VERY FEW)

THE ONLY--- (SUP)----THAN ANY OTHER (COMP)----(POST)---NO OTHER



ARTICLES---

AN ------ONLY IN FRONT UYIR AZHUTHU
ONE RUPEE NOTE-----ITA A ONE RUP NOTE